The connective thinking, close reading, and self-reflection demonstrated throughout this site has been informed by the following scholarly literature:
White Supremacy/Structural Racism and Social Work
Abrams, L. S., & Gibson, P. (2007). Teaching notes: reframing multicultural education: Teaching white privilege in the social work curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1), 147-160.
Almeida, R., Hernández-Wolfe, P., & Tubbs, C. (2011). Cultural equity: Bridging the complexity of social identities with therapeutic practices. International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work, (3), 43.
Azzopardi, C., & McNeill, T. (2016). From cultural competence to cultural consciousness: Transitioning to a critical approach to working across differences in social work. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 25(4), 282-299.
Cramer, D., & McElveen, J. (2003). Undoing racism in social work practice. Race, Gender & Class, 10(2), 41-57.
Edmonds-Cady, C., & Wingfield, T. T. (2017). Social workers: agents of change or agents of oppression?. Social Work Education, 36(4), 430-442.
Fong, R., McRoy, R., & Dettlaff, A. (June, 2014). Disproportionality and disparities subject: Poverty, race, ethnicity, and culture, social justice and human rights. In Encyclopedia of Social Work Online. Retrieved from
http://socialwork.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-899
Garcia, B., & Van Soest, D. (1997). Changing perceptions of diversity and oppression: MSW students discuss the effects of a required course. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 119-129.
Gibson, M. F. (2013). Intersecting deviance: Social work, difference and the legacy of eugenics. British Journal of Social Work, 45(1), 313-330.
Hernández, P., Almeida, R., & Vecchio, D. D. (2005). Critical consciousness, accountability, and empowerment: Key processes for helping families heal. Family Process, 44(1), 105-119.
Hollingsworth, L., Patton, D., Allen, P. & Johnson, K. (2018). Racial microaggressions in social work education: Black students' encounters in a predominantly white institution, Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 95-105.
Hounmenou, C. (2012). Black settlement houses and oppositional consciousness. Journal of Black Studies, 43(6), 646-666.
Johnson, L. (2003). Multicultural policy as social activism: Redefining who 'counts' in multicultural education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 6(2), 107-121.
Lasch-Quinn, E. (1993). Black neighbors: Race and the limits of reform in the american settlement house movement, 1890-1945. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Ledoux, C., & Montalvo, F. F. (1999). Multicultural content in social work graduate programs: A national survey. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 7(1-2), 37-55.
Longres, J. (1972). The impact of racism on social work education. Journal of Education for Social Work, 8(1), 31-41.
National Association of Social Workers. (2006). Racism. In Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers Policy Statements 2006–2009 (7th ed., pp. 305–315). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
National Association of Social Workers. (2007). Institutional racism & the social work profession: A call to action. Washington, DC: NASW Press https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SWK1aR53FAk%3D&portalid=0
National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics. Washington, DC: NASW Press. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ms_ArtLqzeI%3D&portalid=0
Nylund, D. (2006). Critical multiculturalism, whiteness, and social work: Towards a more radical view on cultural competence. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17(2), 27-41.
O'Neil, M. (2015). Applying critical consciousness and evidence-based practice decision-making: A framework for clinical social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 624-637.
Otuyelu, F., Graham, W., & Kennedy, S. (2016). The death of black males: The unmasking of cultural competence and oppressive practices in a micro-aggressive environment. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 430-436.
Pewewardy, N., & Almeida, R. V. (2014). Articulating the scaffolding of white supremacy: The act of naming in liberation. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 25(3), 230-253.
Pon, G. (2009). Cultural competency as new racism: An ontology of forgetting. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 20(1), 59-71.
Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 417-423.
Saleh, M. F., Anngela-Cole, L., & Boateng, A. (2011). Effectiveness of diversity infusion modules on students' attitudes, behavior, and knowledge. Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 20(3), 240-257.
Sue, D. W., Nadal, K. L., Capodilupo, C. M., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., & Rivera, D. P. (2008). Racial microaggressions against black Americans: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 330-338.
Tannenbaum, N., & Reisch, M. (2001). From charitable volunteers to architects of social welfare: A brief history of social work. Ongoing Magazine. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/uofmsocialwork/docs/fall-2001/7?e=6822268/4916618
Tolliver, W., Hadden, B., Snowden, F., & Brown-Manning, R. (2016). Police killing of unarmed black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 279-286.
Weingarten, K. (1995). Radical listening: Challenging cultural beliefs for and about mothers. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 7(1-2), 7-22.
Whitaker, T., Weismiller, T., & Clark, E. (2006). Assuring the sufficiency of a frontline workforce: A national study of licensed social workers: Executive summary. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
Abrams, L. S., & Gibson, P. (2007). Teaching notes: reframing multicultural education: Teaching white privilege in the social work curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1), 147-160.
Almeida, R., Hernández-Wolfe, P., & Tubbs, C. (2011). Cultural equity: Bridging the complexity of social identities with therapeutic practices. International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work, (3), 43.
Azzopardi, C., & McNeill, T. (2016). From cultural competence to cultural consciousness: Transitioning to a critical approach to working across differences in social work. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 25(4), 282-299.
Cramer, D., & McElveen, J. (2003). Undoing racism in social work practice. Race, Gender & Class, 10(2), 41-57.
Edmonds-Cady, C., & Wingfield, T. T. (2017). Social workers: agents of change or agents of oppression?. Social Work Education, 36(4), 430-442.
Fong, R., McRoy, R., & Dettlaff, A. (June, 2014). Disproportionality and disparities subject: Poverty, race, ethnicity, and culture, social justice and human rights. In Encyclopedia of Social Work Online. Retrieved from
http://socialwork.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-899
Garcia, B., & Van Soest, D. (1997). Changing perceptions of diversity and oppression: MSW students discuss the effects of a required course. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 119-129.
Gibson, M. F. (2013). Intersecting deviance: Social work, difference and the legacy of eugenics. British Journal of Social Work, 45(1), 313-330.
Hernández, P., Almeida, R., & Vecchio, D. D. (2005). Critical consciousness, accountability, and empowerment: Key processes for helping families heal. Family Process, 44(1), 105-119.
Hollingsworth, L., Patton, D., Allen, P. & Johnson, K. (2018). Racial microaggressions in social work education: Black students' encounters in a predominantly white institution, Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 95-105.
Hounmenou, C. (2012). Black settlement houses and oppositional consciousness. Journal of Black Studies, 43(6), 646-666.
Johnson, L. (2003). Multicultural policy as social activism: Redefining who 'counts' in multicultural education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 6(2), 107-121.
Lasch-Quinn, E. (1993). Black neighbors: Race and the limits of reform in the american settlement house movement, 1890-1945. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Ledoux, C., & Montalvo, F. F. (1999). Multicultural content in social work graduate programs: A national survey. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 7(1-2), 37-55.
Longres, J. (1972). The impact of racism on social work education. Journal of Education for Social Work, 8(1), 31-41.
National Association of Social Workers. (2006). Racism. In Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers Policy Statements 2006–2009 (7th ed., pp. 305–315). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
National Association of Social Workers. (2007). Institutional racism & the social work profession: A call to action. Washington, DC: NASW Press https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SWK1aR53FAk%3D&portalid=0
National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics. Washington, DC: NASW Press. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ms_ArtLqzeI%3D&portalid=0
Nylund, D. (2006). Critical multiculturalism, whiteness, and social work: Towards a more radical view on cultural competence. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17(2), 27-41.
O'Neil, M. (2015). Applying critical consciousness and evidence-based practice decision-making: A framework for clinical social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 624-637.
Otuyelu, F., Graham, W., & Kennedy, S. (2016). The death of black males: The unmasking of cultural competence and oppressive practices in a micro-aggressive environment. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 430-436.
Pewewardy, N., & Almeida, R. V. (2014). Articulating the scaffolding of white supremacy: The act of naming in liberation. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 25(3), 230-253.
Pon, G. (2009). Cultural competency as new racism: An ontology of forgetting. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 20(1), 59-71.
Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 417-423.
Saleh, M. F., Anngela-Cole, L., & Boateng, A. (2011). Effectiveness of diversity infusion modules on students' attitudes, behavior, and knowledge. Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 20(3), 240-257.
Sue, D. W., Nadal, K. L., Capodilupo, C. M., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., & Rivera, D. P. (2008). Racial microaggressions against black Americans: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 330-338.
Tannenbaum, N., & Reisch, M. (2001). From charitable volunteers to architects of social welfare: A brief history of social work. Ongoing Magazine. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/uofmsocialwork/docs/fall-2001/7?e=6822268/4916618
Tolliver, W., Hadden, B., Snowden, F., & Brown-Manning, R. (2016). Police killing of unarmed black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 279-286.
Weingarten, K. (1995). Radical listening: Challenging cultural beliefs for and about mothers. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 7(1-2), 7-22.
Whitaker, T., Weismiller, T., & Clark, E. (2006). Assuring the sufficiency of a frontline workforce: A national study of licensed social workers: Executive summary. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
White Privilege
Bonds, A., & Inwood, J. (2016). Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism. Progress in Human Geography, 40(6), 715-733.
Kaufman, C. (2001). A user’s guide to white privilege. Radical Philosophy Review, 4(1/2), 30-38.
Leonardo, Z. (2004). The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36(2), 137-152.
McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In M. McGoldrick (Ed.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (p. 147-152). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Bonds, A., & Inwood, J. (2016). Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism. Progress in Human Geography, 40(6), 715-733.
Kaufman, C. (2001). A user’s guide to white privilege. Radical Philosophy Review, 4(1/2), 30-38.
Leonardo, Z. (2004). The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36(2), 137-152.
McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In M. McGoldrick (Ed.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (p. 147-152). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Racism (General):
Billings, D. (2016) Deep denial: the persistence of white supremacy in United States history and life. Roselle, NJ: Crandall, Dostie & Douglass Books, Inc.
Blay, Y. A. (2011). Skin bleaching and global white supremacy: By way of introduction. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 4(4), 4-46.
DuBois, W.E.B. (1989). The souls of black folk. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Fields B. & Fields, E. (2015). How race is conjured. Jacobin. Retrieved from: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/karen-barbara-fields-racecraft-dolezal-racism/.
Hacker, A. (1995). Two nations: Black and white, separate, hostile, unequal. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Hadjor, K.B. (1995). Another america: The politics of race and blame. Boston, MA: South End Press.
hooks, b. (1995). Killing rage. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
Shine, P. (2011). White professors taking responsibility for teaching white students about race, racism, and privilege. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 22, 60-67.
Trepagnier, B. (2010). Silent racism: How well-meaning white people perpetuate the racial divide. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Tushnet, M. V. (2003). Segregation. In S. I. Kutler (Ed.), Dictionary of American History, 3rd ed., Vol. 7, 301-304. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved from http://libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3401803794/UHIC?u=mlin_s_ccreg&xid=f71895d8
West, C. (1994). Race matters. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Self-Reflection
Bender, K., Negi, N., & Fowler, D. N. (2010). Exploring the relationship between self-awareness and student commitment and understanding of culturally responsive social work practice. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 19(1), 34-53.
Ahmed, S. (2007). A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist Theory, 8(2), 149-168.
DiAngelo, R. (2011). White Fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54-70.
Heron, B. (2005). Self-reflection in critical social work practice: Subjectivity and the possibilities of resistance. Reflective Practice, 6(3), 341-351.
Kondrat, M. E. (1999). Who is the "self" in self-aware: Professional self-awareness form a critical theory perspective. Social Service Review, 451-477.
Kondrat, M.E. (2002). Actor-centered social work: Re-visioning “person-in-environment” through a critical theory lens. Social Work, 47(4), 435-448.
Milne, D. L., Leck, C., & Choudhri, N. Z. (2009). Collusion in clinical supervision: Literature review and case study in self-reflection. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2(2), 106-114.
Yan, M.C., & Wong, Y.R. (2005). Rethinking self-awareness in cultural competence: Toward a dialogic self in cross-cultural social work. The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 86(2), 181-188.
Bender, K., Negi, N., & Fowler, D. N. (2010). Exploring the relationship between self-awareness and student commitment and understanding of culturally responsive social work practice. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 19(1), 34-53.
Ahmed, S. (2007). A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist Theory, 8(2), 149-168.
DiAngelo, R. (2011). White Fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54-70.
Heron, B. (2005). Self-reflection in critical social work practice: Subjectivity and the possibilities of resistance. Reflective Practice, 6(3), 341-351.
Kondrat, M. E. (1999). Who is the "self" in self-aware: Professional self-awareness form a critical theory perspective. Social Service Review, 451-477.
Kondrat, M.E. (2002). Actor-centered social work: Re-visioning “person-in-environment” through a critical theory lens. Social Work, 47(4), 435-448.
Milne, D. L., Leck, C., & Choudhri, N. Z. (2009). Collusion in clinical supervision: Literature review and case study in self-reflection. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2(2), 106-114.
Yan, M.C., & Wong, Y.R. (2005). Rethinking self-awareness in cultural competence: Toward a dialogic self in cross-cultural social work. The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 86(2), 181-188.
Critical Race Theory
Bell Jr, D. A. (1980). Brown v. board of education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 518-533.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in america. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Burton, L. M., Bonilla‐Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., & Hordge Freeman, E. (2010). Critical race theories, colorism, and the decade's research on families of color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 440-459.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.
Delgado, R., Stefancic, J., & Liendo, E. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction (2nd Edition). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Hulko, W. (2009). The time-and context-contingent nature of intersectionality and interlocking oppressions. Affilia, 24(1), 44-55.
Grillo, T., & Wildman, S. M. (1991). Obscuring the importance of race: The implication of making comparisons between racism and sexism (or other-isms). Duke Law Journal, 1991(2), 397-412.
Guess, T. J. (2006). The social construction of whiteness: Racism by intent, racism by consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.
Lopez, H. (1996). White by law: The legal construction of race. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Bell Jr, D. A. (1980). Brown v. board of education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 518-533.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in america. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Burton, L. M., Bonilla‐Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., & Hordge Freeman, E. (2010). Critical race theories, colorism, and the decade's research on families of color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 440-459.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.
Delgado, R., Stefancic, J., & Liendo, E. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction (2nd Edition). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Hulko, W. (2009). The time-and context-contingent nature of intersectionality and interlocking oppressions. Affilia, 24(1), 44-55.
Grillo, T., & Wildman, S. M. (1991). Obscuring the importance of race: The implication of making comparisons between racism and sexism (or other-isms). Duke Law Journal, 1991(2), 397-412.
Guess, T. J. (2006). The social construction of whiteness: Racism by intent, racism by consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.
Lopez, H. (1996). White by law: The legal construction of race. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Structuration Theory
Giddens, A. (1979). Central problem in social theory: Action, structure and contradiction in social analysis. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Giddens, A. (1987). Social Theory and modern sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, A. (1993). New rules for the sociological method (2nd ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Jones, M. R., & Karsten, H. (2008). Giddens's structuration theory and information systems research. MIS quarterly, 32(1), 127-157.
Giddens, A. (1979). Central problem in social theory: Action, structure and contradiction in social analysis. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Giddens, A. (1987). Social Theory and modern sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, A. (1993). New rules for the sociological method (2nd ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Jones, M. R., & Karsten, H. (2008). Giddens's structuration theory and information systems research. MIS quarterly, 32(1), 127-157.